Eriocraniidae
(May to July) |
1 |
Mine
begins well away from leaf edge, with a narrow gallery containing
linear frass.
This feature normally remaining visible when absorbed in the later blotch
|
2 |
|
Mine
begins at or near leaf edge. A short length of feeding, if present,
widens abruptly
into a blotch
|
3 |
2 |
Early
gallery, in centre of leaf, absorbed by an elongate oval blotch,
leading to a large
blotch on leaf edge. Larval feeding starts in May. Final instar larva white,
with pale
brown head and darker mouth parts, lateral projections on first abdominal segment
[5-6]
|
Eriocrania
salopiella 10 |
|
Early
gallery, in centre of leaf, somewhat angular and absorbed by
narrow angular
blotch leading to a larger blotch on leaf edge. Larval feeding starts in June.
Final instar
larva white, head brown with black lateral edges. On the prothorax (dorsal surface)
are
two cloudy brown spots [6-8]
|
Eriocrania
sparrmannella 9 |
3 |
The
blotch, on the edge of the leaf, contains more than one, usually
two or three pale
watery-white larvae [5]
|
Eriocrania
cicatricella 11 |
|
The
blotch contains only a single larva |
4 |
4 |
Larva
dark grey [4-5] |
Eriocrania
sangii 12 |
|
Larva
whitish |
5 |
5 |
Larva
(final instar) with pale brown head. Lateral projections on first
abdominal
segment [4-5]
|
Eriocrania
semipurpurella 13 |
|
Larva
(final instar) with dark brown head. The posterior points of
the head-capsule show as two black spots. Lateral projections
on second abdominal segment [4-5] |
Eriocrania
unimaculella 8 |
Nepticulidae |
1 |
Mine
forming a blotch |
2 |
|
Mine
forming a gallery |
3 |
2 |
Blotch
with a conspicuous brown central spot [8-10] |
Ectoedemia
occultella 34 |
|
Blotch
without such a spot; but with the earlier contorted gallery in
one corner [7-9] |
Ectoedemia
minimella 35 |
3 |
Frass
dispersed |
4 |
|
Frass
linear |
5 |
4 |
Mine starting from a brown spot; frass green without clear
margins, turning brown with
age [6-7+9-10] |
Stigmella
continuella 64 |
|
Mine
not starting from a brown spot; frass coiled, black or brown,
leaving narrow clear margins [7-10] |
Stigmella
sakhalinella 113 |
5 |
Mine
long and angular with narrow linear frass in its second half |
6 |
|
Mine
shorter and more contorted; frass broken linear and thicker |
7 |
6 |
First
fourth of mine filled with cloudy green frass [6-7] |
Stigmella
lapponica 116 |
|
Frass
black and linear throughout the mine [7-8] |
Stigmella
confusella 117 |
7 |
Mine
much contorted at the start, sides of mine scalloped, scallops
are usually free of frass; larva yellow with pale brown head
and without dark ventral spots; seldom gregarious [8-11]
|
Stigmella
luteella 112 |
|
Mine
less contorted at the start, mine edges more or less parallel;
larva yellow with dark brown head and a chain of dark ventral
spots; frequently gregarious [7+9] |
Stigmella
betulicola 110 |
Incurvariidae |
Mine
starts as a linear gallery expanding into a blotch. When full
grown larva cut out an oval hole about 4mm long [7-4] |
Phylloporia
bistrigella 128 |
Heliozelidae |
Mine
in pith of twig. When almost fully grown larva enters petiole
of a leaf and then
into midrib, it then cuts out an oval hole 5 x 2mm in the blade of the leaf [7-8]
|
Heliozela
hammoniella 157 |
Lyonetiidae |
Mine
a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often
crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected
through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish
it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface
of the leaf [5+7+9-10] |
Lyonetia
clerkella 263 |
Bucculatricidae |
Mine
narrow, often contorted at first, later following a vein, final
chamber often at right angle to previous mine, frass filling
mine. Later the larva eats out windows from either side of leaf
[8] |
Bucculatrix
demaryella 276 |
Gracillariidae |
1 |
Mine
on upperside of leaf |
2 |
|
Mine
on underside of leaf |
3 |
2 |
Mine
occupying most of the leaf which eventually almost closes over
it; larva mines throughout [7+9-10] |
Phyllonorycter
corylifoliella f. betulae 332 |
|
Mine
small, less than 12mm long; larva feeds later in a rolled leaf
[5+7] |
Caloptilia
betulicola 283 |
3 |
Mine
with lower cuticle brown; larva feeds later in a rolled or folded
leaf |
4 |
|
Mine
with lower cuticle greenish, turning brown with age ; larva mines
throughout |
7 |
4 |
Larva
completes growth in a folded leaf edge |
5 |
|
Larva
completes growth in a rolled leaf |
6 |
5 |
Bivoltine,
feeding June and August to September [6+8-9] |
Parornix
betulae 301 |
|
Univoltine,
feeding July to August [7-8] |
Parornix
loganella 300 |
6 |
Final
leaf-roll longitudinal [7-8] |
Caloptilia
populetorum 281 |
|
Final
leaf-roll transverse [5+7] |
Caloptilia
betulicola 283 |
7 |
Mine
15-20mm long; lower epidermis with 7-12 folds [9-10] |
Phyllonorycter
cavella 338 |
|
Mine
10-15mm long; lower epidermis with 1-6 fold |
8 |
8 |
Mine almost exclusively on seeding birches, less than one metre
tall, larva with dark brown head; pupa without a cocoon [7+9-10]
|
Phyllonorycter
anderidae 347 |
|
Mine
on seeding or mature birches, larva with light brown head;
pupa in a cocoon |
9 |
9 |
Mine with several folds which may appear as
a single fold, larva pale yellowish green turning yellow before
pupation, head pale
brown [7+9-10]
|
Phyllonorycter
ulmifoliella 353 |
|
Mine
with strong central fold, larva body yellow, anterior segments
opaque whitish yellow, head brown. Very rare on this host [7+10] |
Phyllonorycter
messaniella 321 |