Mine: Bivoltine: summer & autumn (Robbins).  Univoltine (Spencer).  Posterior spiracles of larva (and puparium) with distinctive horn-like process within ellipse of bulbs.

Pupa: Inside the mine. Brown and held in the mine by frass.

Notes: An upper surface gallery with a star-shaped start.  Frass in pearl-strings. Widespread in south.

Image:© Brian Pitkin